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| -rw-r--r-- | linguistics/syntax.md | 81 |
1 files changed, 61 insertions, 20 deletions
diff --git a/linguistics/syntax.md b/linguistics/syntax.md index 935db7c..13e3dba 100644 --- a/linguistics/syntax.md +++ b/linguistics/syntax.md @@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ title: linguistics/syntax # morphology and syntax -Morphology is the study of **word formation**.<br> -Syntax is the study of **sentence formation**.<br> +Morphology is the study of word formation. Syntax is the study of sentence formation.<br> Specifically, both morphology and syntax focus on **structure**. -The distinction between syntax and morphology varies across languages. They can be considered to form an overarching **morphosyntactic** theory. +The distinction between syntax and morphology varies cross-linguistically.<br> +They can be considered to form an overarching **morphosyntactic** theory. -## Summary +## summary > Be warned! These notes are incomplete and almost certainly somewhat inaccurate. Proceed at your own risk. @@ -47,11 +47,21 @@ The distinction between syntax and morphology varies across languages. They can - Raising & Control [SKS 9] - References -## Morphology +## history -... +### a wrong approach: phrase structure rules + +## morphology + +### syntactic categories + +### compositionality -## Notation +### headedness + +## basic ideas + +## notation So far, we've been discussing syntax and giving examples using somewhat informal notation. We now formalize this notation. @@ -63,26 +73,26 @@ It cannot be emphasized enough that notational conventions are *just that*: nota ```forest [XP - [X [(head)]] - [Y [(complement)]]] + [X (head)] + [Y (complement)]] ``` ```forest [XP - [Y [(complement)]] - [X [(head)]]] + [Y (complement)] + [X (head)]] ``` ```forest [X - [Y_X [(left adjunct)]] - [X [(head)]]] + [Y_X (left adjunct)] + [X (head)]] ``` ```forest [X - [X [(head)]] - [Y_X [(right adjunct)]]] + [X (head)] + [Y_X (right adjunct)]] ``` ... @@ -94,11 +104,12 @@ It cannot be emphasized enough that notational conventions are *just that*: nota As such, we may represent phrases with the **Head-Initial Phrases** + ![`[X [X_Y (head)] [Y (complement)]]`](head-initial.png) <details markdown="block"> <summary>LaTeX</summary> -```latex +```forest \begin{forest} [$X$ [$X_Y$ [(head)]] @@ -109,11 +120,12 @@ As such, we may represent phrases with the </details> **Head-Final Phrases** + ![`[X [Y (complement)] [X_Y (head)]]`](head-final.png) <details markdown="block"> <summary>LaTeX</summary> -```latex +```forest \begin{forest} [$X$ [$Y$ [(complement)]] @@ -126,11 +138,12 @@ As such, we may represent phrases with the Recall that adjuncts are able to appear on either side of their head. Also recall that adjuncts *select* for their head. We indicate this in our labeling: adjuncts, like heads, have their selectional requirements marked, but do not propagate their type. While certain constructions may lead to notational ambiguity - an adjunct and a head of the same type, specifically - this is rare enough (only really occurring with adverbs) that we take the convenience of BPS notation regardless. **Left Adjuncts** + ![`[X [Y_X (left adjunct)] [X (head)]]`](left-adjunct.png) <details markdown="block"> <summary>LaTeX</summary> -```latex +```forest \begin{forest} [$X$ [$Y_X$ [(left adjunct)]] @@ -141,11 +154,12 @@ Recall that adjuncts are able to appear on either side of their head. Also recal </details> **Right Adjuncts** + ![`[X [X (head)] [Y_X (right adjunct)]]`](right-adjunct.png) <details markdown="block"> <summary>LaTeX</summary> -```latex +```forest \begin{forest} [$X$ [$X$ [(head)]] @@ -161,7 +175,7 @@ As a reminder, English is not consistently head-initial. Subjects ("specifiers") <details markdown="block"> <summary>LaTeX</summary> -```latex +```forest \begin{forest} [$X$ [$Y$ [(specifier)]] @@ -181,7 +195,34 @@ The lexicon and structure are blended in bare phrase structure. This is useful, ... +## Merge + +### projection + +### selection + +### silent heads + +## Move + +### head movement + +### wh-movement + +### vP shells + +## Agree + +### theta roles + +### locality + +### binding + +### raising and control + ## References - ✨ [An Introduction to Syntactic Analysis and Theory](https://annas-archive.org/md5/11bbf70ff9259025bc6985ba3fa4083b) - MIT 24.902: [2017](https://web.mit.edu/norvin/www/24.902/24902.html), [2015](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/24-902-language-and-its-structure-ii-syntax-fall-2015/), [2003](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/24-902-language-and-its-structure-ii-syntax-fall-2003/) + |