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| -rw-r--r-- | linguistics/semantics.md | 34 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | linguistics/syntax.md | 5 |
2 files changed, 33 insertions, 6 deletions
diff --git a/linguistics/semantics.md b/linguistics/semantics.md index 96bbb17..a590de3 100644 --- a/linguistics/semantics.md +++ b/linguistics/semantics.md @@ -33,12 +33,34 @@ With basic logic and the lambda calculus under our belt, we may simply get strai ### Entities and Functions -> I am Alice. -> Alice is bad. -> The blue pigeon flew away. +> *I am Alice.* <br> +> *Alice is bad.* <br> +> *The blue pigeon flew away.* + +- Noun: $⟨e,t⟩ ↝ λx.Noun(x)$ +- Verb (intransitive): $⟨e,t⟩ ↝ λx.Verb(x)$ +- Verb (transitive): $⟨e,⟨e,t⟩⟩ ↝ λy.λx.Verb(x, y)$ +- Verb (meaningless): $⟨⟨e,t⟩,⟨e,t⟩⟩ ↝ λP.λx.P(x)$ +- Adj: $⟨⟨e,t⟩,⟨e,t⟩⟩ ↝ λNoun.λx.[Adj(x) ∧ Noun(x)]$ + +- or (clausal): $⟨t,⟨t,t⟩⟩ ↝ λq.λp.[p ∨ q]$ +- and (clausal): $⟨t,⟨t,t⟩⟩ ↝ λq.λp.[p ∧ q]$ +- or (verbal): $⟨⟨e,t⟩,⟨⟨e,t⟩,⟨e,t⟩⟩⟩ ↝ λQ.λP.λx.[P(x) ∨ Q(x)]$ +- and (verbal): $⟨⟨e,t⟩,⟨⟨e,t⟩,⟨e,t⟩⟩⟩ ↝ λQ.λP.λx.[P(x) ∧ Q(x)]$ +- or (quantifiers): $⟨⟨e,⟨e,t⟩⟩,⟨⟨e,⟨e,t⟩⟩,⟨e,⟨e,t⟩⟩⟩⟩ ↝ λQ.λP.λy.λx.[P(x,y) ∨ Q(x,y)]$ +- and (quantifiers): $⟨⟨e,⟨e,t⟩⟩,⟨⟨e,⟨e,t⟩⟩,⟨e,⟨e,t⟩⟩⟩⟩ ↝ λQ.λP.λy.λx.[P(x,y) ∧ Q(x,y)]$ + +- not: $⟨⟨e,t⟩,⟨e,t⟩⟩ ↝ λP.λx.¬P(x)$ ### Quantification +- every: $⟨⟨e,t⟩,⟨⟨e,t⟩,t⟩⟩ ↝ λQ.λP.∀x.[P(x) → Q(x)]$ + - everything: $⟨⟨e,t⟩,t⟩ ↝ λP.∀x.P(x)$ +- some: $⟨⟨e,t⟩,⟨⟨e,t⟩,t⟩⟩ ↝ λQ.λP.∃x.[P(x) ∧ Q(x)]$ + - something: $⟨⟨e,t⟩,t⟩ ↝ λP.∃x.P(x)$ +- no: $⟨⟨e,t⟩,⟨⟨e,t⟩,t⟩⟩ ↝ λQ.λP.∀x.[P(x) → ¬Q(x)] (or λQ.λP.¬∃x.[P(x) ∧ Q(x)])$ + - nothing: $⟨⟨e,t⟩,t⟩ ↝ λP.¬∃x.P(x)$ (or $λP.∀x.¬P(x))$ + ### Reference ### Numbers and Plurality @@ -53,9 +75,9 @@ With basic logic and the lambda calculus under our belt, we may simply get strai ### Command, Request, Obligation -> Alice, run!<br> -> Alice, please run.<br> -> Alice should run. +> *Alice, run!* <br> +> *Alice, please run.* <br> +> *Alice should run.* ### Questions ## Resources diff --git a/linguistics/syntax.md b/linguistics/syntax.md index de6a0b9..46708fa 100644 --- a/linguistics/syntax.md +++ b/linguistics/syntax.md @@ -420,8 +420,11 @@ This now makes our top-level phrase type $T$ instead of $V$. It will not remain ### verb raising ### subject-auxiliary inversion + ### head movement +## Move, Part II + ### wh-movement ### subject raising @@ -507,6 +510,7 @@ First, some definitions. We distinguish several classes of pronouns: Every pronoun (pro-form, really) has an **antecedent**: that is, the phrase or concept it is in *reference* to. In contrast to pronouns, we also have **r-expressions**: an **independently referential** expression. These are names, proper nouns, descriptions, epithets, and the like: ex. *Alice*, *British Columbia*, *the man on the corner*, *the idiot*, etc; and have no antecedent. We say that a node and another node are **coreferential** (or **co-indexed**) if they refer to the same concept or entity. On tree diagrams, we often refer to this with numerical ($_0$, $_1$, ...) or alphabetical ($_i$, $_j$, $_k$) subscripts. (Though we could also indicate this with arrows, we prefer to reserve those for movement, so as to not clutter our diagrams too much.) This is a useful notion when it comes to pronouns. + ... The theory of binding operates under three fundamental principles. @@ -542,6 +546,7 @@ We have discussed some principles that, clearly, cannot be a feature of all natu This notion of *principles* that occur for some languages and do not occur for others forms what is either the framework of *Principles and Parameters*, or *Government and Binding Theory*. I do not understand the difference between them, and suspect what is above to be a mixture of both as neither were explicitly mentioned. Nevertheless, everything given here is for English, not some cross-linguistic model of the mind. English remains useful by virtue of being mine and many's L1 language - and by being such a *mess* of a language that its structure cannot be explained away trivially. ### negation + ### ellipsis ## References |