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---
layout: web
title: A Quick Guide to Modern HTML
---
# A Quick Guide to Modern HTML
> This guide is a work in progress!
Modern HTML is a remarkably simple and coherent standard.
## Basic HTML
HTML is a *markup language* used for content on the web. It is composed of *tags*, that may be *nested* within each other to form a *document tree*. It is *semantic*: every tag
and many tags indeed hold no purpose other than indicating ...
Every website you visit is composed of HTML, which alongside with styling via CSS... Modern websites are composed of somewhat atrocious amounts of
Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for its appearance.
HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes, and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle brackets. Tags such as `<img>` and `<input>` directly introduce content into the page. Other tags such as `<p>` and `</p>` surround and provide information about document text and may include sub-element tags. Browsers do not display the HTML tags but use them to interpret the content of the page.
HTML is composed of *tags*. These tags are enclosed in angle brackets
There are quite a few tags, but not overwhelmingly many. Here they all are.
if your tag is not reserved, you can kinda just write whatever?? i like doing this
There are about XX important tags. Here they all are.
## Style
- [`<b>`][b] or [`<strong>`][strong]: <b>bold</b> text
- [`<i>`][i] or [`<em>`][em]: <i>italic</i> text
- [`<u>`][u]: <u>underlined</u> text
- [`<s>`][s]: <s>struckthrough</s> text
- [`<q>`][q]: <q>quoted</q> text
- [`<small>`][small]: <small>small</small> text
- [`<sub>`][sub]: <sub>sub</sub>text
- [`<sup>`][sup]: <sup>super</sup>text
- [`<code>`][code]: <code>text styled like code</code>
- [`<pre>`][pre]: <pre>preformatted text</pre>
Some emphasis must be made: these tags are **semantic**. They are not for styling! You have a much more expressive form of styling with CSS!
Given the existence of a quote key on most ASCII keyboards, this is not very useful, unless you're a stickler for Unicode quotes.
<details>
<summary>default styles</summary>
```css
b, strong {
font-weight: bolder;
}
```
```css
i, em {
font-style: italic;
}
```
```css
u {
text-decoration: underline;
}
```
```css
s {
text-decoration: line-through;
}
```
```css
q:before {
content: open-quote;
}
q:after {
content: close-quote;
}
```
```css
small {
font-size: smaller;
}
```
```css
sub {
vertical-align: sub;
font-size: smaller;
}
```
```css
sup {
vertical-align: super;
font-size: smaller;
}
```
```css
code {
font-family: monospace;
}
```
```css
pre {
display: block;
font-family: -moz-fixed;
white-space: pre;
margin-block: 1em;
}
```
</details>
## Semantic
- [`<html>`][html]: The root of an HTML document.
- There should exist one and only one `<html>` element in a document.
- [`<body>`][body]: The content of an HTML document.
- There may only exist one `<body>` element in a document.
- [`<h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>`][heading elements]: Various heading elements.
- [`<p>`][p]: A paragraph. Text should typically be wrapped in a `<p>`.
- [`<hr/>`][hr]: A thematic break. Typically styled as a horizontal rule.
- [`<br/>`][br]: A line break.
- [`<wbr/>`][wbr]: A word break *opportunity*.
- Browsers will prefer breaking there when necessary. This is useful for ex. German and other languages with long words.
<details>
<summary>default styles</summary>
```css
html {
display: block;
}
```
```css
body {
display: block;
margin: 8px;
}
```
```css
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
display: block;
font-weight: bold;
}
h1 {
font-size: 2em;
margin-block: .67em;
}
h2 {
font-size: 1.5em;
margin-block: .83em;
}
h3 {
font-size: 1.17em;
margin-block: 1em;
}
h4 {
font-size: 1.00em;
margin-block: 1.33em;
}
h5 {
font-size: 0.83em;
margin-block: 1.67em;
}
h6 {
font-size: 0.67em;
margin-block: 2.33em;
}
```
```css
p {
display: block;
margin-block: 1em;
}
```
```css
hr {
display: block;
color: gray;
border: 1px inset;
margin-block: 0.5em;
margin-inline: auto;
overflow: hidden;
}
```
```css
br {
display-outside: newline;
}
```
```css
wbr {
display-outside: break-opportunity;
}
```
</details>
Aside from being block elements, they have no styling...
- [`<main>`][main]
- There should exist at most one `<main>` element in a document.
- [`<section>`][section]
- [`<aside>`][aside]
- [`<header>`][header]
- [`<footer>`][footer]
- [`<article>`][article]
- [`<nav>`][nav]
- [`<div>`][div]: the generic block container.
- [`<span>`][span]: the generic inline container.
<details>
<summary>default styles</summary>
```css
main, section, aside, header, footer, article, nav, div {
display: block;
}
span {
/* display: inline; */
}
```
</details>
## Metadata
Several HTML elements provide *metadata* about the document in question. They are invisible and removed from the render tree (`display: none`), and only serve to provide information to the browser.
- [`<head>`][head]: the document metadata container.
- There should exist one and only one `<head>` element in a document.
- [`<title>`][title]: the title of the document to be displayed.
- [`<base href="" target="">`][base]: the base URL for all relative URLs to use.
- There should exist no more than one `<base>` element in a document.
- [`<link ...>`][link]: establishes relationships between the current document and other external resources.
- This is used for a variety of purposes: site icons, external stylesheets, canonical "next" documents, ...
- [`<meta ...>`][meta]: generic metadata.
<details>
<summary>default styles</summary>
```css
head, title, base, link, meta, style, script {
display: none;
}
```
</details>
```css
<style>
</style>
```
```css
<script>
</script>
```
`<template>`, `<slot>`
## Content
So far, the HTML elements we have looked at have been purely semantic, and devoid of actual content.
- [`<a href="" rel="" type="" target="" download="">`][a]: An external link to arbitrary content.
- [`<img src="" width="" height="" alt="" .../>`][img]: Embedded image content.
- [`<audio src="" ...>`][audio]: Embedded audio content.
- [`<video src="" width="" height="" ...>`][video]: Embedded video content.
- [`<track src="" ...>`][track]: Subtitles for audio/video content.
- [`<canvas width="" height="">`][canvas]: A target for drawing interactive graphics.
- [`<iframe width="" height="" ...>`][iframe]: Embedded arbitrary HTML content.
<details>
<summary>default styles</summary>
```css
a {
color: #0000EE;
text-decoration: underline;
cursor: pointer;
}
```
```css
img {
/* object-fit: fill; */
}
```
```css
video {
object-fit: contain;
}
```
```css
iframe {
border 2px inset;
}
```
</details>
## Lists
HTML supports *ordered* and *unordered* lists.
- [`<ul>`][ul]: An *unordered* list. Displayed with bullet points by default.
- [`<ol type="a" start=1 reversed>`][ol]: An *ordered* list. Displayed as a numbered list by default.
- [`<li value=1>`][li]: A *list element*. Nested within either `<ul>` or `<ol>`.
Both ordered and unordered lists should have only `<li>`s as their directly nested elements.
On ordered lists, the `type` attribute indicates the numbering type, and can be one-of `a` (lowercase letters), `A` (uppercase letters), `i` (lowercase Roman numerals), `I` (uppercase Roman numerals), or `1` (Arabic numerals, default). The `start` attribute indicates the ordinal at which to start labeling at, and must be an Arabic numeral, even when `type` is not the default. The presence of the `reversed` attribute indicates that a list should be labelled in descending order. As usual, these properties all may be overridden with targeted CSS.
Within ordered lists, the `value` attribute on an `li` indicates that the ordering should jump to the specified ordinal and continue from there. Like `start`, it takes an Arabic numeral, irrespective of ordering style.
There are also a third type of lists available: *description lists*. These do not use the `<li>` element and are generally left unused. We discuss them in a future section.
<details>
<summary>default styles</summary>
```css
li {
display: list-item;
text-align: match-parent;
}
```
```css
ul, menu {
display: block;
counter-reset: list-item;
margin-block: 1em;
padding-inline-start: 40px;
list-style-type: disc;
}
```
```css
ol {
display: block;
counter-reset: list-item;
margin-block: 1em;
padding-inline-start: 40px;
list-style-type: decimal;
}
```
</details>
## Hypertext
- [`<form ...>`][form]: A section that can perform interactive HTTP requests.
- [`<button ...>`][button]: An interactive element to be activated by the user.
- [`<input .../>`][input]: An interactive element that takes user input.
- [`<textarea ...>`][textarea]: An interactive element for multi-line user input.
- [`<label for="idx">`][label]: A label for an element (typically `<input>`) in a user interface.
- [`<meter ...>`][meter]: A fractional/scalar value within a known range.
- [`<select ...>`][select]: An interactive element that provides a list of options.
- [`<option label="" value="" selected disabled>`][option]: A menu option within a `<select>`.
- [`<optgroup label="" disabled>`][optgroup]: A grouping of options within a `<select>`.
<details>
<summary>default styles</summary>
```css
form {
display: block;
}
```
```css
button {
letter-spacing: initial;
word-spacing: initial;
line-height: initial;
text-transform: initial;
text-indent: initial;
text-shadow: initial;
text-align: center;
display: inline-block;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
```
```css
input {
letter-spacing: initial;
word-spacing: initial;
line-height: initial;
text-transform: initial;
text-indent: initial;
text-shadow: initial;
text-align: initial;
}
```
```css
input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"], {
text-align: center;
}
```
```css
input[type="button"], input[type="checkbox"], input[type="color"], input[type="file"],
input[type="image"], input[type="radio"], input[type="reset"], input[type="search"], input[type="submit"] {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
```
```css
input[type="button"], input[type="color"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"] {
display: inline-block;
}
```
```css
input[type="hidden"] {
display: none !important;
}
```
```css
textarea {
letter-spacing: initial;
word-spacing: initial;
line-height: initial;
text-transform: initial;
text-indent: initial;
text-shadow: initial;
text-align: initial;
box-sizing: border-box;
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
```
```css
select {
letter-spacing: initial;
word-spacing: initial;
line-height: initial;
text-transform: initial;
text-indent: initial;
text-shadow: initial;
text-align: initial;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
```
</details>
## Assorted
There are various assorted HTML elements that don't neatly fit into a particular category.
- [`<details name="" open>`][details]
- [`<summary>`][summary]: A caption for a corresponding `<details>` element.
- [`<map name="">`][map]: Defines an image map with `<area>` for an `<img>`.
- [`<area>`][area]: Defines clickable areas within a `<map>` element.
- [`<noscript>`][noscript]
- [`<dialog open>`][dialog]
- [`<marquee ...>`][marquee]
Okay. That's everything important. 75 tags or so? I dunno. Manageable!
---
## Tables
- [`<table>`][table]: A table. Structured data.
- [`<thead>`][thead]: A row of cells acting as a header.
- [`<tbody>`][tbody]: The cells that compose the body of the table.
- [`<tfoot>`][tfoot]: A row of cells acting as a footer.
- [`<tr>`][tr]: A row of cells.
- [`<td colspan=1 rowspan=1 headers="">`][td]: Data cells. `colspan` and `rowspan` indicate their size in the table. `headers` indicates the ids of the corresponding header cells.
- [`<th scope="" colspan=1 rowspan=1 headers="">`][th]: Header cells. `colspan` and `rowspan` indicate their size in the table. `headers` indicates the ids of the corresponding header cells. `scope` may be one-of `row`, `col`, `rowgroup`, `colgroup`, and indicates the set of cells the header corresponds to.
- [`<col span=1>`][col]: A column within a table. Columns span over atop rows.
- [`<colgroup span=1>`][colgroup]: A group of columns within a table.
- [`<caption>`][caption]: The title of a table.
The sheer quantity of tags for tables is quite intimidating.
In general, tables are *far* less used than they once were, thanks to improvements in the layout capabilities of CSS.
You can pretty much just ignore them.
## Less Useful Elements
- [`<fieldset form="" name="" disabled>`][fieldset]: A grouping of controls within a `<form>`.
- [`<legend>`][legend]: A caption for a corresponding `<fieldset>` element.
- [`<output name="" form="id" for="ida idb...">`][output]:
An element into which the result of a user action is to be injected.
- [`<figure>`][figure]: A wrapper for some arbitrary self-contained content.
- [`<figcaption>`][figcaption]: An optional caption for a corresponding `<figure>`.
- [`<picture>`][picture]: Embedded image content. Contains multiple `<source>` elements and a fallback `<img>`.
- [`<source/>`][source]: A media resource for a `<picture>`, `<audio>`, or `<video>` element.
- [`<dl>`][dl]: A *description list*. Consists of terms (`<dt>`) and descriptions (`<dd>`). Ugly as sin, and scarcely used.
- [`<dt>`][dt]: Specifies a *term* entry in a description list.
- [`<dd>`][dd]: Specifies a *description* entry in a description list.
- [`<address>`][address]: An element indicating its contents are contact information.
- [`<blockquote cite="url">`][blockquote]: An element indicating its contents are an extended quotation.
- [`<data value="data">`][data]: An element indicating its content has corresponding data, in the `value` attribute.
- [`<search>`][search]:
An element indicating its contents are related to searching.
- [`<time datetime="">`][time]:
An element indicating a specific time. `datetime` must be set to a machine-readable format.
## Deprecation Fodder
These elements are *really* useless. You shouldn't bother knowing them. They're in the spec, but scarcely used.
- [`<abbr>`][abbr]: An element for displaying abbreviations.
- [`<cite>`][cite]: An element indicating its contents are a citation.
- [`<del>`][del]: An element for displaying deleted text.
- [`<dfn>`][dfn]: An element indicating its contents are a definition.
- [`<ins>`][ins]: An element for displaying inserted text.
- [`<kbd>`][kbd]: An element for displaying keyboard shortcuts.
- [`<mark>`][mark]: An element for displaying highlighted text.
- [`<samp>`][samp]: An element for displaying sample output.
- [`<var>`][var]: An element for displaying mathematical variables.
- [`<datalist>`][datalist]: A wrapper for a set of suggested `<option>`s for an `<input>`.
- `<datalist>` is not widely used and is not implemented in Firefox.
- [`<embed type="mimetype" src="url"/>`][embed]:
- An element for generic embedded content.
- `<object>` is generally slightly preferred, but `<img>`, `<audio>`, `<video>`, and the like are preferred over both of them.
- [`<object type="mimetype" data="url">`][object]:
- An element for displaying generic embedded content. Still useful for embedded PDFs etc.
- Generally slightly preferred over `<embed>`, but `<img>`, `<audio>`, `<video>`, and the like are preferred over both of them.
- [`<menu>`][menu]: Officially identical to `<ul>` in syntax and semantics.
- Doesn't have much of a reason to exist.
- [`<progress value=50 max=100>`][progress]: A worse version of `<meter>`.
- Like, this is *exactly* `<meter>`, but without the `min`, `low`, `high`, and `optimum` attributes. Why??
[b]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/b
[strong]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/strong
[i]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/i
[em]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/em
[u]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/u
[s]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/s
[q]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/q
[small]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/small
[sub]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/sub
[sup]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/sup
[code]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/code
[pre]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/pre
[html]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/html
[body]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/body
[heading elements]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements
[p]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/p
[hr]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/hr
[br]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/br
[wbr]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/wbr
[main]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/main
[section]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/section
[aside]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/aside
[header]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/header
[footer]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/footer
[article]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/article
[nav]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/nav
[div]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/div
[span]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/span
[head]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/head
[title]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/title
[base]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/base
[link]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/link
[meta]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/meta
[a]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/a
[img]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/img
[audio]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/audio
[video]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/video
[track]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/track
[canvas]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/canvas
[iframe]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/iframe
[ul]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/ul
[ol]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/ol
[li]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/details
[form]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/form
[button]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/button
[input]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/input
[textarea]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/textarea
[label]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/label
[meter]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/meter
[select]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/select
[option]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/option
[optgroup]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/optgroup
[details]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/details
[summary]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/summary
[map]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/map
[area]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/area
[noscript]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/noscript
[dialog]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/dialog
[marquee]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/marquee
[table]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/table
[thead]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/thead
[tbody]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/tbody
[tfoot]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/tfoot
[tr]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/tr
[td]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/td
[th]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/th
[col]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/col
[colgroup]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/colgroup
[caption]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/caption
[fieldset]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/fieldset
[legend]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/legend
[output]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/output
[figure]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/figure
[figcaption]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/figcaption
[picture]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/picture
[source]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/source
[dl]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/dl
[dt]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/dt
[dd]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/dd
[address]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/address
[blockquote]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/blockquote
[data]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/data
[search]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/search
[time]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/time
[abbr]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/abbr
[cite]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/cite
[del]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/del
[dfn]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/dfn
[ins]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/ins
[kbd]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/kbd
[mark]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/mark
[samp]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/samp
[var]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/var
[datalist]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/datalist
[embed]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/embed
[object]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/object
[menu]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/menu
[progress]: https://developer.mozilla.org/HTML/Element/menu
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